1. 3 subgroups of Germanic lang-s, their phonemic features

Название	1. 3 subgroups of Germanic lang-s, their phonemic features
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1. 3 subgroups of Germanic lang-s, their phonemic features
10. National Variants of the el (excluding ae)
9. Peculiar Features of American English in Grammar
10. Peculiar Features of ae in spelling and vocabulary
11. The Sources and Phonetic Status of the oe short Diphongs
12 i-mutation and lengthening changes of oe vowels
15. Qualitative changes of vowels
13. Quantitative changes of vowels in oe
18. Dating, direction & causes of the gvs
17. The Great Vowel Shift and its Phonemic Interpretation
Vocalisation of r and its phonetic consequences
2. Basic Grammatical Features of Germanic Lang-s
The rise of long monophthongs: 1 In the 15th century [a]>[эе
The oe system of Consonants and Their Changes Ɵ(three) Ơ(that)
Consonant changes in the MidE period 1 Change in the phonetic status of fricatives
Fusion of consonant clusters with /j/ in emodE
Another systematic change of the emodE period is voicing of consonants
25 Simplification of consonant clusters in Mid and emodE
Traditions of english spelling (consonants)
Strong d. Stem suffix was represented by a vowel a-, -ja-, -wa Masculine, neuter ō-, -jō-, -wō Feminine I- m, N, f u- m, f weak d
Essential Princip
Traditions of english spelling (vowels)
3. Invasion of Germanic Tribes and the Beginning of the el
Strong verbs Used for
Strong verbs Used for
36. Changes in the system of strong verbs in Mid and emodE
The system of oe weak verbs and their further changes
33. The system of personal pronouns and their historical developnent
Preterate Present and Irregular Verbs in their historical development
30. Changes in n declension during the Mid and emod periods
32. History of the demonstrative pronouns
4. Approaches towards the Periodization of the History of English
1. adv-s of place hwr где, hwanan откуда, Ђanan оттуда
History of the articles
Grammatical categories of the oe verbs and their further changes
In oe indefinite subject was expressed with the help of the indefinite pronoun which developed from the noun ‘men’ and in oe it had forms ‘men, me, man, mon’
Two-member simple sent in oe were represented by 3 structural patterns
History of negative sentences,interrogative,exclamatory
There were 3 types of one-member sentences and in all of them the head word was expressed by the verb in finite form. The first type was impersonal sent
History of future tense
State resulting from a certain action; “weorpan + Participle 2” expressed the transition
+ Participle They could express the completion of action by certain moment
They have retained their syntactic structure unchanged through all the periods of English but in oe there were two forms of number in Imperative Mood sing and plur
5. The Scandinavian Conquest
It established itself in the language later than Perfect Aspect, Passive Voice or Future Tense while the Continuous Aspect became regular only in Early ModE
16. Vocalisation of fricatives
6 The Norman Conquest and its linguistic consequences
7. The Rise of the National English Language
8. The Earliest linguistic principles in the History of the el and their objectives
Ε (before /r/ flurry)

1. 3 subgroups of Germanic lang-s, their phonemic features.

English belongs to the group of Germanic lang-s which may part in the vast family of Indo-European lang-s.

Germanic lang-s, on the one hand, have a number of distinctive features uniting them into the group of related lang-s. On the other hand, the same distinctive feature differentiate Germ lang-s from other Indo-european lang-s.

Germanic lang-s are subdivided into 3 groups:

1. East- Germ ( Gothic, Vandalic, Burgundian)

2. West – Germ ( Engl, Germ, Dutch, Frisian, Judish, Africans)

3. North – Germ (Swedish, Norwegian, Islandic, Danish)

An essential feature of GLs separating them from other IE lang-s is their consonant system, which developed from the original IE system of consonants due to the flg changes: p-f, k-h, b-p, d-t, g-k.

These regular correspondences between the consonants of Germanic and those of other IE lang-s were discovered and systemized by the Danish scholar R.Rask and the german linguist J.Grimm, so the system of consonant correspondences is known as Grimm’s law, but usually it’s called the 1^st Cons Shift.

After these 3 stages of cons shift a great number of words of the common IE stock changed their pronunciation in Germanic lang-s. At the same time, there were some words in GLs, and they were not few, which would not fit into the correspondences of the 1^st Cons Shift.Thus, instead of an expected voiceless fricative, there would appear a voiced stop. These seeming irregularities were explained by the Danish scholar Karl Verner, so the theory is known as Verner’s Law.

Verner’s Law.

Verner’s Law reads as follows: if an IE voiceless stop was preceded by an unstressed vowel, the voiceless fricative which developed from it in accordance with the 1^st Cons Shift became voiced and later this voiced fricative developed into a voiced stop. ( greek “dekas” – goth “tigus”).

S-Z is the principal. Later z-r – rhotacism.

In the word-changing paradigm of notional parts of speech certain forms might bear the results of Verner’s Law, while other’s had none, and thus grammatical alternation of cons-s arose, for ex, wesan- ws - wron.

The cons pairs involved into gram-l alteration were: f/b, /d, s/r.

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1. 3 subgroups of Germanic lang-s, their phonemic features

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